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Pesticides Causing Genetic Mutations

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Today's children are a picture of the heritage of tomorrow and the future of India. Therefore, in order to keep the India of tomorrow good, it becomes necessary that the children of India are right and that they can become good citizens of the country in future and be able to take the country to sky high. But the chemicals used in agriculture are seen to be hindering it.

Pesticides used in agriculture constitute a heterogeneous class of chemicals that are specifically used to control pests, weeds or plant diseases. Pesticides are considered to be potential genetic mutants. Today our adults have been so much addicted to the use of these chemicals or have been made so much that without them today their present has become burdensome and the future seems dark. So we need knowledge to live our present how to avoid the use of these genetic mutants as these have been entered in the food chain. To save the contaminated food chain, our farmers will have to come forward, if not today, they will have to come tomorrow. Therefore, the farmer must adopt a scientific approach and should consider how and what to cultivate.

Chemical Farming : There is no doubt that traditional farming (chemical farming) has played an important role in fulfilling the food supply by increasing the agricultural productivity of the times required. But experimental data suggest that various agrochemical components have mutational properties such as inducing mutations, chromosomal alterations, or DNA damage (Bolognesi 2003, Betarbet et al. 2000, Bull et al. 2006, Damalas and Eleftherohorinos 2011, Garry et al. 2002). A Punjab University study found that 36% of Punjab's blood samples from farmers have caused significant DNA loss (Misra 2008). Thus, chemical products have been proven to be genotoxic (Kumar and Balasubramanian 2012) and looking at the Golden India, they should be banned now. These are qualities that keep us going from generation to generation. In this way, should chemical farming be continued? If yes, it means that whatever we are producing today, it will be an attempt to keep alive our future generations at stake. Therefore, in order to safeguard the future generations, the alternates of chemical farming must be seen.

Genotoxicity biomarkers commercially determined in populations exposed to various types of pesticides:

 

Genetic damage

Pesticides

Reference(s)

DNA strand breaks

Acephate, Atrazine, B-cyfluthrin, Befenthrin, Carbendazim dimethoate, Carbendazim, Chlorothalanil, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin, Cyproconazole, Deltamethrin, Diflufenicanil, Dimethoate, Endosulfan, Epoxyconazole, Ethephon, Fenvalerate, Fluroxypyr, Flutriafol, Iprodione, L-cyhalothrin, Mancozeb, Monocrotophos, Omethoate, Oxydemeton-methyl, Phorate, Pyrimethanil, Tebucanazole, Thiometon.

Lebailly et al. 1998, Grover et al. 2003

DNA adducts

Benomyl, Captan, Carbendazim, Dazomet, Endosulfan, Folpet, Glyphosate, Metam-sodium, Methamidophos, Methomyl, Monocrotophos, Paraquat, Parathion methyl, Zineb.

Peluso et al. 1996

Chromosomal aberration

2,4-D chlorpyriphos, 2,4-D, chloridazon, 2,4-D, dicofol, Abamectin, Acephate, Acetic metaldehyde, Alachlor, Aldicarb, Aldrin, Amitraz, Aramite, Atrazine, Barium polysulfide, Benomyl, Bitertanol, Buprofezin, Buripimate, Captan, Carbendazim, Carboxin, Chlordimeform, Chlorothalonil, Chlorpyrifos, Copper oxychloride, Copper sulfate, Cyhexatin, Cypermethrin, Dazomet, Defenamide, Deltamethrin, Deltamethrin, Diazinon,

Dichlorvos, Dimethoate, Dinocap, Diquat, Dithiocarbamate, DNOC, Dodemorph, Endosulfan, Ethofumesate, Ethylazinophos, Fenbutatin oxide, Fenitrothion, Fenpropathrin, Fenthion, Fenvalerate, Fetin acetate, Folpet, Fosetyl, Heptachlor, Iprodione, Isofenphos, Kasugamycin, Linuron, Malathion, Mancozeb, Maneb, MCPA, Methabenzthiazuron, Methalaxyl, Methamidophos, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metribuzin, Mevinphos, Monocrotofos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Oxadiazon, Oxadixyl, Oxamyl, Paraquat, Parathion methyl, Parathion, Permethrin, Phenmedifam, Phorate, Pirimicarb, Procymidone, Propargite, Propargyl, Propineb, Prothoate, Pyrazophos, Simazine, Sulfur, Terbufos, Tetradifon, Thiabendazole, Thiram, Trichlorofon, Triforine, Triforine, Vinclozolin, White oil, Zineb.

Dulout et al. 1985, Ferrari et al. 1991, Carbonell et al. 1993, Lander et al. 2000, De Garry et al. 2001

Micronucleus formation

2,4-d aldrin, Ametrina, Antracol, Benomyl, BHC, Captan, Carbaryl, Cypermethin, Dacomil, Dazomet, DDT, Deltamethrin, Diazinon, Dichloropropane, Dichlorvos, Dieldrin, Di-syxtox, Diuron, Dodemorph, Endosulfan, Endrin, Ethamidophos, Fosetyl-aluminum, Furadan, Gusathion, Javelin, Lindane, Malathion, Mancozeb, Metalaxyl, Metham sodium, Methomyl, Nuvacron, Oxidemeton methyl, Parathion methyl, Pirimicarb, Propineb, Talstar, Tordon, Zineb.

Bolognesi et al. 1993(b), Gomez-Arroyo et al. 2000

Sister chromatid exchange

2,4-d mancozeb, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Alachlor, Atrazine, Azynphos methyl, BHC, Cyanazine, Cypermethrin, DDT, Dimethoate, Endosulfan, Fenitrothion, Gromor, Malathion, Methyl parathion, Monocrotophos, Parathion, Phosphamidon, Quinalphos fenvelrate, Urea.

Rupa et al. 1988, Jablonicka et al. 1989, Rupa et al. 1991, Pasquini et al. 1996, Laurent et al. 1996, Zeljezic and Garaj-Vrhovac 2002

 

Organic Farming : Although genetic mutation of biological pesticides has not proven, but research papers definitely prove that organic pesticides or insecticides are most used in India compared to other countries. (Yadav et al. 2015) But organic food is also not completely free of pesticide residues (Brandt and Molgaard 2001, Edwards-Jones and Howells 2001).

Natural Farming : Chemicals or pesticides are not used in natural farming in any way, then the food chain can be said to be completely poison-free. Therefore, it can be said that there is a distance between these food grains in genetic mutation; they are completely healthy for the population of India.

I am from the nation; I am not far from the nation.

I am national, let me be national.

So that I can take care of future India.

- Farmer

References

Betarbet R., et al., 2000, "Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease." Nature neuroscience 3.12 (2000): 1301. [Web Reference]

Bolognesi C., 2003, “Genotoxicity of pesticides: a review of human biomonitoring studies,” Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research; 543(3): 251-272. [Web Reference]

Bolognesi C., et al., 1993(b), “Frequency of micronuclei in lymphocytes from a group of floriculturists exposed to pesticides,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A Current Issues; 40(2-3): 405-411. [Web Reference]

Brandt K. and Molgaard J.P., 2001, “Organic agriculture: does it enhance or reduce the nutritional value of plant foods?,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture; 81(9): 924-931.[Web Reference]

Bull S., et al., 2006, “Evidence for genotoxicity of pesticides in pesticide applicators: a review,” Mutagenesis; 21(2): 93-103. [Web Reference]

Carbonell E., et al., 1993, “Cytogenetic biomonitoring in a Spanish group of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides,” Mutagenesis; 8(6): 511-517. [Web Reference]

Damalas C.A. and Eleftherohorinos I.G., 2011, “Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators,” International journal of environmental research and public health; 8(5): 1402-1419. [Web Reference]

De Ferrari M., et al., 1991, “Cytogenetic biomonitoring of an Italian population exposed to pesticides: chromosome aberration and sister-chromatid exchange analysis in peripheral blood lymphocytes,” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology; 260(1): 105-113. [Web Reference]

Dulout F.N., et al., 1985, “Sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in a population exposed to pesticides,” Mutation Research Letters; 143(4): 237-244. [Web Reference]

Edwards-Jones G. and Howells O., 2001, “The origin and hazard of inputs to crop protection in organic farming systems: are they sustainable?,” Agricultural Systems; 67(1): 31-47. [Web Reference]

Garry V.F., et al., 2001, “Biomarker correlations of urinary 2, 4-D levels in foresters: genomic instability and endocrine disruption,” Environmental Health Perspectives; 109(5): 495. [Web Reference]

Garry V.F., et al., 2002, “Birth defects, season of conception, and sex of children born to pesticide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA,” Environmental health perspectives; 110(Suppl 3): 441-449. [Web Reference]

Gómez-Arroyo S., et al., 2000, “Cytogenetic biomonitoring in a Mexican floriculture worker group exposed to pesticides,” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis; 466(1): 117-124. [Web Reference]

Grover P., et al., 2003, “Evaluation of genetic damage in workers employed in pesticide production utilizing the Comet assay,” Mutagenesis; 18(2): 201-205. [Web Reference]

Jablonická A., et al., 1989, “Analysis of chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers with occupational exposure to the mancozeb-containing fungicide Novozir Mn80,” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology; 224(2): 143-146. [Web Reference]

Kumar S.S. and Balasubramanian M.S.S., 2012, “A descriptive analysis of cancer cases from endosulfan-affected areas of Kasaragod district, Kerala,” Health Sciences; 1(2):JS004: 1-8. [Web Reference]

Lander F., et al., 2000, “Chromosome aberrations in pesticide-exposed greenhouse workers,” Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health; 26(5): 436-442. [Web Reference]

Laurent C., Jadot P. and Chabut C., 1996, “Unexpected decrease in cytogenetic biomarkers frequencies observed after increased exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in a production plant,” International archives of occupational and environmental health; 68(6): 399-404. [Web Reference]

Lebailly P., et al., 1998, “DNA damage in mononuclear leukocytes of farmers measured using the alkaline comet assay: modifications of DNA damage levels after a one-day field spraying period with selected pesticides,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers; 7(10): 929-940. [Web Reference]

Misra S.S., 2008, “Pesticide–ridden Punjab to begin cancer registration,” Down To Earth; 17(2). [Web Reference]

Pasquini R., Scassellati-Sforzolini G., Angeli G., Fatigoni C., Monarca S., Beneventi L., DiGiulio A.M. and Bauleo F.A., 1996, “Cytogenetic biomonitoring of pesticide-exposed farmers in central Italy,” Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology: official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer; 15(1): 29-39. [Web Reference]

Peluso M., et al., 1996, “(32) P-postlabeling detection of DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells of greenhouse floriculturists from western Liguria, Italy,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers; 5(5): 361-369. [Web Reference]

Rupa D.S., et al., 1988, “Screening of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of vegetable garden workers,” Human toxicology; 7(4): 333-336. [Web Reference]

Rupa D.S., et al., 1991, “Frequency of sister chromatid exchange in peripheral lymphocytes of male pesticide applicators,” Environmental and molecular mutagenesis; 18(2): 136-138. [Web Reference]

Yadav I.C., et al., 2015, "Current status of persistent organic pesticides residues in air, water, and soil, and their possible effect on neighboring countries: A comprehensive review of India." Science of the Total Environment 511 (2015): 123-137. [Web Reference]

Zeljezic D. and Garaj-Vrhovac V., 2002, “Sister chromatid exchange and proliferative rate index in the longitudinal risk assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides,” Chemosphere; 46(2): 295-303. [Web Reference]

 

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