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Transformation

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Transformation is always anew

Transformation is continuous since ages

Transformation energizes life

No new life without transformation

Be ready for transformation

Never ignore transformation

Be positive for transformation

Transformation is fact of life

Transformation is a great truth 

Transformation is a law of life. It is a continuous change in any form of the events present on the earth. Since ages, everything is continuously transforming in present form which we like to see, to feel or to enjoy in our life or in our surroundings. Our lifestyle is transforming continuously to new horizons of transformation. The Neolithic era (5000 b.c.e.) was the most important transformation for present running era. Use of fire, agricultural activities and domestication of animals were great transformations to enter the current era. The transformation is in each and every field of our life. Therefore, as per utility, transformation has different kind of definitions.

Physics, induced or spontaneous change of one element into another by a nuclear process.

Mathematically, a process by which one figure, expression, or function is converted into another one of similar value.

Linguistically, a process by which an element in the underlying logical deep structure of a sentence is converted to an element in the surface structure.

Biologically, it is a metamorphosis process in which animal changes in its physical appearance after birth or hatching.

Genetically, the genetic alteration of a cell by introduction of extraneous DNA, especially by a plasmid or the heritable modification of a cell from its normal state to a malignant state.

In biology, the term transformation was used by Frederick Griffith in 1928 after the discovery that harmless Streptococcus pnuemonaie could be made virulent after being exposed to heat killed virulent strain.

The word transformation was originated from a word of French or Latin language ‘transforemare’

Simply we can say that transformation is a change in life.

Transformations since ages

Our life is continuously transforming since ages. It was the era of prokaryotes development from which all the living creatures originated. The sequence of life on earth is underlined as

Event 

million years ago 

Formation of the earth

4600

Oldest fossils

3500

First eukaryotes

2100

First multicellular organisms

1200

First animals

635

Proliferation of multicellular organisms

575

Beginning of the Paleozoic
Evolution of hard parts; many current animal phyla appeared; the Cambrian Explosion

542

The colonization of land

500

Seedless land plants become common

450

Arthropods colonized the land (This group includes insects.)

420

First vertebrates (fish)

400

First tetrapods

365

Forests that formed fossil fuels (coal and oil)

300

Beginning of the Mesozoic
Pangaea formed

Mass extinctions occurred

251

Gymnosperms became abundant (This group includes evergreen trees.)

245

First dinosaurs and mammals

245

First Angiosperms (flowering plants)

144

Beginning of the Cenozoic
Extinction of the Dinosaurs
Angiosperms became dominant

66

Hominids (ancestors of humans)

6.5

Earliest humans (Cro-Magnon)

0.2

Human recorded history (5,000 yrs)

0.005

The discovery of fire and Agriculture and livestock domestication

The discovery or use of fire changed the picture of life on earth. It was discovered during Paleolithic age. The discovery of fire changed the life of early human. They learned the destructive as well as usefulness of fire. They 'domesticated' fire, and 'incorporated' it into their own lives. Now, it is the most essential and important property of all human beings.

After the discovery of fire, agrarian period was a turning point in the life of Stone Age human. Toward the end of the Paleolithic, between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago, some human groups began to extend their care and control over selected plants and animals. First of all the domestication of fire was a precondition for agrarianization because in most areas using fire was the most efficient technique of opening up fields for cultivation by removing the existing vegetation. Moreover, most of the crops selected for cultivation needed cooking before con­sumption as a staple food. As a further, less tangible precondition, the solidly established 'species monop­oly' over fire gave humans a dominance over other animals which enabled them not only to bring certain species under direct control but also kept most of the remaining 'wild' animals at a distance from their crops and herds. As the agrarian societies advanced, the use of fire increased proportionally.

However, all these discussions were remained under debate. Moreover, there was a need of livestock domestication for proper living activities. The sequence of domestication of animals is as under.

Domestication Period

Animal

(B.C.E.)

Area

Dog*

12000

North Iran

Cat*

5000

Egypt

Goat**

9000

Central-East Jordan

Sheep**

8000

Northern Iran, Jordan

Cattle**

7000

Europe

Donkey**

5500

Neel Valley

Buffalo**

5000

India

Swine**

5000

Mesopotamia

Horse

5000

Turkistan

Poultry & Elephant**

4500

Indus valley

Camel**

4000

Southern Arabia

Yak**

2800-2300

Northern Tibet

* Journal of Animal Law, Vol. IV, April 2008, page no. 64

** S.C. Dubey and .K. Shinde, “Animal Husbandry - The Changing Scenario in India” Think India Quarterly, Vol. 10 No. 1,


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